Summary+of+Life

[|General of the Army] Douglas MacArthur [|[1]] [|GCB], [|Order of the Rising Sun] ( [|January 26] [|1880] – [|April 5] [|1964] ), was an [|American] general and Field Marshal of the [|Philippine Army]. He was a [|Chief of Staff of the United States Army] during the 1930s and later played a prominent role in the [|Pacific theater] of [|World War II], receiving the [|Medal of Honor]. He was designated to command the invasion of [|Japan] in November 1945, and when that was no longer necessary he officially accepted their surrender on [|September 2], [|1945].

MacArthur oversaw the [|occupation of Japan] from 1945 to 1951 and is credited for implementing far-ranging [|democratic] changes. He led the [|United Nations Command] forces defending [|South Korea] in 1950–1951 against [|North Korea] 's invasion. MacArthur was removed from command by President [|Harry S. Truman] in April 1951 for publicly disagreeing with Truman's Korean War Policy.

He is credited with the military dictum, "In war, there is no substitute for victory." MacArthur fought in three major wars ( [|World War I], [|World War II] , [|Korean War] ) and was one of the very few men ever to rise to the [|rank] of [|General of the Army]. Early life and education Douglas MacArthur was born in [|Little Rock, Arkansas] in 1880 in an upstairs room of the [|The Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal] while his parents were briefly stationed there. His parents were [|Lieutenant General] [|Arthur MacArthur, Jr.], a recipient of the [|Medal of Honor] , and Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur of [|Norfolk, Virginia]. Douglas MacArthur was the grandson of jurist and politician [|Arthur MacArthur, Sr.] He was [|baptized] at Christ Episcopal Church in Little Rock on May 16, [|1880]. In his memoir Reminiscences, MacArthur wrote that his first memory was the sound of the bugle, and that he had learned to "ride and shoot even before I could read or write—indeed, almost before I could walk and talk."

MacArthur's father was posted to [|San Antonio, Texas], in 1893. There, Douglas attended West Texas Military Academy (now known as ), where he became an excellent student. MacArthur entered the [|United States Military Academy] at West Point in 1898 (accompanied by his mother, who occupied a hotel suite overlooking the grounds of the Academy). An outstanding cadet, he graduated first in his 93-man class in 1903. For his prowess in sports, military training, and academic pursuit he was awarded the coveted title of "First Captain Of The Corps Of Cadets." [|[5]] Only two other students in the history of West Point surpassed his achievements ( [|Robert E. Lee] being one). MacArthur became a [|second lieutenant] in the [|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers].

After leaving West Point, MacArthur served his first tour of duty in the Philippines. Later, MacArthur served as an [|aide-de-camp]  to his father, and visited Japan during the Russo-Japanese war. In 1906 he was aide-to-camp to Theodore Roosevelt. Leaving the White House in 1907, MacArthur performed engineering duties in Kansas, Milwaukee, and Washington D.C. until his assignment to the General Staff (1913-1917). Pancho Villa Expedition MacArthur distinguished himself with several acts of personal bravery in the [|Pancho Villa Expedition] in 1916–1917, including a railroad chase back to American lines, for which he was highly decorated. For these achievements, he was reassigned duty to the Army General Staff and put in charge of dealing with the National Guard Bureau within the War Department. In early 1917, prior to U.S. entry into World War I, MacArthur was elevated two grades in rank from major to full colonel and was asked to mobilize the Guard units for potential overseas deployment. World War I During World War I MacArthur served in [|France] as chief of staff of the [|42nd ("Rainbow") Division]. Upon his promotion to Brigadier General he became the commander of the 84th Infantry Brigade. A few weeks before the war ended, he became division commander. During the war, MacArthur received two Distinguished Service Crosses, seven Silver Stars, a Distinguished Service Medal, and two Purple Hearts.

Douglas MacArthur made it his policy to "lead... men from the front". Because of this policy, and the fact that he usually refused to wear a gas mask while the rest of his men would, he had respiratory problems the rest of his life. Still, he was the most decorated officer of the war, and General [|Charles T. Menoher] once said that he was the "greatest fighting man" in the army. Post World War I In 1919 MacArthur became [|superintendent] of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, which had become out of date in many respects and was much in need of reform. MacArthur ordered drastic changes in the tactical, athletic and disciplinary systems; he modernized the curriculum, adding liberal arts, government and economics courses.

In October 1922, MacArthur left West Point for the Philippines. From 1922 to 1930, MacArthur served two tours of duty in the Philippines, the second as commander of the Philippine Department (1928–1930); he also served two tours as commander of corps areas in the states. In 1925, he was promoted to major general, the youngest officer of that rank at the time, and served on the [|court martial] that convicted Brigadier General [|Billy Mitchell] (he later portrayed himself in a non-speaking role in the [|Otto Preminger] movie based on the trial). In 1928, he headed the U.S. Olympic Committee for the [|Amsterdam games]. Marriages General MacArthur was married twice. His first marriage was to Mrs. Henrietta Louise Cromwell Brookson on [|February 14], [|1922] , the divorced wife of Walter Brooks, Jr., and stepdaughter of Edward T. Stotesbury, a wealthy Philadelphia banker. She obtained a divorce from him in 1929 on the ground that he had failed to support her. She later married [|Lionel Atwill] and died in August 1973. (Her brother [|James H.R. Cromwell] was the husband of [|Doris Duke] )

MacArthur was married to Jean Marie Faircloth of Murfreesboro, Tenn., April 30, 1937. She was born [|December 28], [|1898] in [|Nashville, Tennessee] and died [|January 22] , [|2000] ), and was a socialite and philanthropist. She attended [|Ward-Belmont College] . They remained married until the general's death in 1964. In her later years she often gave speeches on her late husband's military career. She died at the age of 101 of natural causes in [|New York City].

Their only child, Arthur, was born in Manila on Feb. 21, 1938. Arthur graduated from Columbia University in 1961. Bonus Army His most controversial act came in 1932, when Hoover ordered him to disperse the " [|Bonus Army] " of veterans who were in the capital protesting against the government. MacArthur was criticized for using excessive force to disperse the protesters. According to MacArthur, the demonstration had been taken over by [|communists] and [|pacifists] with, he claimed, only "one man in 10 being veterans." Chief of Staff President [|Franklin D. Roosevelt] renewed MacArthur's appointment as Chief of Staff during the [|Great Depression]. By the time MacArthur finished his tour as Chief of Staff in October 1935. MacArthur's main programs included the development of new mobilization plans, the establishment of a mobile general headquarters air force, and a four-army reorganization which improved administrative efficiency. He supported the [|New Deal] by enthusiastically operating the [|Civilian Conservation Corps]. He brought along many talented mid-career officers, including [|George C. Marshall], and [|Dwight D. Eisenhower]. However, MacArthur's support for a strong military and his public criticism of pacifism and isolationism made him unpopular with the Roosevelt administration. Following his retirement in December 1937, he reverted to his permanent grade of major general and accepted an offer in the Philippines. Field Marshal of the Philippine Army When the [|Commonwealth of the Philippines] achieved semi-independent status in 1935, [|President of the Philippines] [|Manuel L. Quezon] asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of a Philippine Army. As a general, MacArthur elected not to retire and remained on the active list as a major general, and with Roosevelt's approval MacArthur accepted the assignment. MacArthur had been friends with Quezon when his father was Governor General.

Among MacArthur's assistants as Military Adviser to the Commonwealth of the Philippines was Dwight D. Eisenhower. (Some years later, Eisenhower was asked if he knew MacArthur. He replied, "Know him? I studied dramatics under him for seven years!" MacArthur retorted that Eisenhower was the "Best clerk he ever had".)

When MacArthur retired from the U.S. Army in [|1937], his rank for retirement purposes again became that of a general, and he was made [|Field Marshal of the Philippine Army] by President Quezon. (MacArthur is the senior officer on the rolls of the Philippine Army today—he is also the only American military officer ever to hold the rank of field marshal).

In July 1941 Roosevelt recalled him to active duty in the U.S. Army as a major general and named him commander of United States Armed Forces in the Far East promoting him to a lieutenant general the following day. In December, he became a four star general yet again when the Japanese attacked across a wide front in the Pacific. World War II On December 7, 1941 MacArthur was Allied commander in the Philippines. He "courted controversy" on several occasions, especially when he overruled his air commander, General [|Lewis H. Brereton], who had requested permission to launch 35 B-17s to attack Japanese shipping in nearby [|Taiwan]. MacArthur refused and demanded a photo reconnaissance to help target identification prior to launching an attack. Several hours later, the Japanese attacked Clark Field and destroyed 17 of the 35 B-17s while on the ground. MacArthur and Chief of Staff Sutherland dispute Brereton's account of these events. [|[6]]

The original prewar plan assumed the Japanese could not be prevented from landings in Luzon and called for U.S. and Filipino forces to abandon Manila and retreat with their supplies to the [|Bataan] peninsula. MacArthur, however, decided to gamble and stop the Japanese at the water's edge. However, the Japanese could not be stopped, and the allied troops barely escaped destruction retreating back to Bataan. Through a clerical error, food to be transferred from Manila to Bataan was left for the civilian populace. Early in April 1942 the allied forces on Bataan surrendered due to Japanese superiority in men, aircraft, and material.

MacArthur's headquarters during the Philippines campaign of 1941–1942 was on the island fortress of [|Corregidor]. His fortress was clearly marked and was the target of Japanese air attacks, until Manuel Quezon cautioned MacArthur "not to subject himself to danger." In March 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to relocate to [|Melbourne], [|Australia] , after Quezon had already left. With his wife, four-year-old son, and a select group of advisers and subordinate military commanders, MacArthur left the Philippines on [|PT 41]  commanded by Lieutenant [|John D. Bulkeley], and successfully evaded an intense Japanese search for him. MacArthur reached [|Mindanao] on [|March 13] and boarded a [|B-17 Flying Fortress] bomber three days later; on [|March 17], he arrived at [|Batchelor Airfield] in Australia's [|Northern Territory] , about 60 miles (100 km) south of [|Darwin] , before flying to [|Alice Springs] where he took [|the Ghan] [|railway] through the Australian [|outback] to [|Adelaide]. His famous speech, in which he said, "I came out of Bataan and I shall return", was made at [|Terowie], [|South Australia] , on [|March 20]. During this period, President Quezon decorated MacArthur with the Philippine Distinguished Conduct Star.

For his leadership of the defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the [|Medal of Honor]. Arthur and Douglas MacArthur are the first father and son to be awarded a Medal of Honor. They remained the only pair until [|2001] when [|Theodore Roosevelt] was awarded one posthumously for his service during the [|Spanish American War]. [|Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.] earned one for his service during World War II.

MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the [|Southwest Pacific Area] (SWPA). Australian Prime Minister [|John Curtin] put MacArthur in command of the Australian military, which — following the isolation of the Philippines — was numerically larger than MacArthur's American forces. The Allied forces under his command included a small number of personnel from the [|Netherlands East Indies] and other countries. One of MacArthur's first tasks was to reassure Australians, who feared a Japanese invasion. The fighting at this time was predominantly in and around [|New Guinea] and the [|Dutch East Indies]. On [|July 20], [|1942] , SWPA headquarters was moved to [|Brisbane, Queensland, Australia] , taking over the [|AMP Insurance Society building] (later known as MacArthur Central).

Australian successes at the [|Battle of Milne Bay] and the [|Kokoda Track campaign] came in late 1942, the first victories by Allied land forces anywhere against the Japanese. When it was reported the [|32nd U.S. Infantry Division], an inexperienced [|National Guard] unit, had proved incompetent in the [|Allied offensive against Buna and Gona] , the major Japanese [|beachheads] in northeastern [|New Guinea] , MacArthur told [|U.S. I Corps] commander, [|Robert L. Eichelberger] , to assume direct control of the division: Bob, I'm putting you in command at Buna. Relieve Harding ... I want you to remove all officers who won't fight. Relieve [|regimental] and [|battalion] commanders; if necessary, put sergeants in charge of battalions and corporals in charge of [|companies] ... Bob, I want you to take Buna, or not come back alive ... And that goes for your chief of staff, too. [|[7]]

Allied land forces commander, General [|Thomas Blamey], did not want the [|41st U.S. Infantry] , another inexperienced National Guard unit, to reinforce the Gona assault, and requested 21st Australian Brigade be sent instead, as "he knew they would fight". [|[8]] Nevertheless, a regiment of the 41st went to Gona.

In March [|1943], the [|Joint Chiefs of Staff] approved MacArthur's grand strategy, known as [|Operation CARTWHEEL] , which aimed to capture the major Japanese base at [|Rabaul] by taking strategic points to use as forward bases. During [|1944] this was modified to bypass Rabaul and let the forces there "wither on the vine." Initially, the majority of his land forces were Australian, but increasing numbers of U.S. troops arrived in the theater, including [|Marines], the [|Sixth Army] (Alamo Force), and later the [|Eighth Army].

MacArthur's use of air power during the [|New Guinea campaign] is considered by many historians as the first harnessing of air power to influence land warfare. His advancement of land forces up the 1,500 mile (2,400 km) coast was sequenced specifically on terrain selected for its ability to be made into landing strips for the tactical support aircraft. By advancing in leaps always within the range of his fighter-bombers (typically [|P-38 Lightnings] ), he could maintain air superiority over his land operations. This provided critical [|close air support] and also denied the enemy sea and airborne resupply, effectively cutting the Japanese forces off as they were under attack. General MacArthur returns to the Phillipines. Allied forces under MacArthur's command, covered by aircraft from [|Halsey] 's [|carrier] s, landed at [|Leyte Island], on [|October 20] , [|1944] , fulfilling MacArthur's vow to return to the Philippines. They consolidated their hold on the archipelago in the [|Battle of Luzon] after heavy fighting, despite a massive Japanese naval counterattack in the [|Battle of Leyte Gulf], too late to stop the invasion or do more than slow the conquest. With the reconquest of the islands, MacArthur moved his headquarters to Manila, where he announced his [|plan for the invasion of Japan] in late 1945. The invasion was preempted and on [|2 September], MacArthur received the [|formal Japanese surrender] , which ended World War II. Post-World War II Japan Main article: [|Occupied Japan] General MacArthur and Emperor [|Hirohito]

MacArthur was ordered on [|August 29] to exercise authority through the Japanese government machinery, including Emperor [|Hirohito] . [|[9]] Some believe MacArthur may have made his greatest contribution to history in the next five and a half years, as [|Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers] in Japan (SCAP).

However, some historians criticize his work to exonerate [|Emperor Showa] and all members of the imperial family implicated in the war such as [|prince Chichibu], [|prince Asaka] , [|prince Takeda] , [|prince Higashikuni] and prince [|Hiroyasu Fushimi] from criminal prosecutions [|[10]]. As soon as [|November 26] [|1945], MacArthur confirmed to admiral [|Mitsumasa Yonai] that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary. [|[11]] MacArthur exonerated Hirohito and ignored the advice of many members of the imperial family and Japanese intellectuals who publicly asked for the abdication of the Emperor and the implementation of a regency. For example, [|prince Mikasa] (Takahito), Hirohito's youngest brother, even stood up in a meeting of the private council, in February 1946, and urged his brother to take responsibility for defeat while the well-known poet [|Tatsuji Miyoshi] wrote an essay in the magazine Shinchô titled "The Emperor should abdicate quickly." [|[12]]

According to Bix, "months before the [|Tokyo tribunal] commenced, Mac Arthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to [|Hideki Tojo] " [|[13]] Citing the debates between Truman, Eisenhower and MacArthur, Bix argues that "immediately on landing in Japan, Bonner Fellers went to work to protect Hirohito from the role he had played during and at the end of the war." and "allowed the major war criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment" [|[14]]

According to John Dower, "This successful campaign to absolve the Emperor of war responsibility knew no bounds. Hirohito was not merely presented as being innocent of any formal acts that might make him culpable to indictment as a war criminal. He was turned into an almost saintly figure who did not even bear moral responsibility for the war." "With the full support of MacArthur's headquarters, the prosecution functioned, in effect, as a defense team for the emperor." [|[15]]

MacArthur and his GHQ staff helped a devastated Japan rebuild itself, institute a democratic government, and chart a course that made Japan one of the world's leading industrial powers. The U.S. was firmly in control of Japan to oversee its reconstruction, and MacArthur was effectively the interim leader of Japan from 1945 until 1948. In 1946, MacArthur's staff drafted a new [|constitution] that renounced war and reduced the [|emperor] to a figurehead; this constitution remains in use in Japan to this day. He also pushed the Japanese Diet into adopting a decentralization plan to break apart the large Japanese companies ( [|zaibatsu] ) and foster the first Japanese labor unions.

These reconstruction plans alarmed many in the U.S. Defense and State Departments, believing they conflicted with the prospect of Japan (and its industrial capacity) as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia. [|[16]] Some of MacArthur's reforms, such as his labor laws, were rescinded in 1948 when his unilateral control of Japan was ended by the increased involvement of the State Department. MacArthur handed over power to the newly-formed Japanese government in 1949 and remained in Japan until relieved by President Truman on [|April 11], [|1951]. Truman replaced SCAP leader MacArthur with General [|Matthew Ridgway] of the U.S. Army. By 1952, Japan was a sovereign nation under the democratic constitution MacArthur had pushed for, which had been in effect since 1947.

In late 1945, Allied military commissions tried 4,000 Japanese officers for [|war crimes]. About 3,000 were given prison terms and 920 executed; the charges included the [|Rape of Nanking], the [|Bataan Death March] , and [|the sack of Manila]. Critics claim that General [|Yamashita Tomoyuki], Japanese commander in the Philippines, had lost control of his soldiers and should not have been executed. But they executed him anyway. Korean War Main article: [|Korean War] In 1945, as part of the surrender of Japan, the United States agreed with the [|Soviet Union] to divide the [|Korean peninsula] along the [|38th parallel north]. This resulted in the creation of two states: the western-aligned Republic of Korea (ROK) (often referred to as " [|South Korea] "), and the Soviet-aligned and communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) (generally referred to as "North Korea"). After the surprise attack by the DPRK military on [|June 25], [|1950] , started the Korean War, the [|United Nations General Assembly] authorized a [|United Nations] (UN) force to help South Korea. MacArthur led the UN coalition defense and later counteroffensive, noted for a daring and overwhelmingly successful [|amphibious] landing behind North Korean lines in the [|Battle of Inchon]. The maneuver successfully outflanked the North Korean army, forcing it to retreat northward in disarray. United Nations forces pursued the DPRK forces, eventually approaching the [|Yalu River] border with [|China]. MacArthur boasted: "The war is over. The Chinese are not coming . . . The Third Division will be back in Fort Benning for Christmas dinner." [|[17]]

With the DPRK forces largely destroyed, Chinese military forces quietly crossed the Yalu River. MacArthur's staff refused to take note of battlefield evidence that showed that Chinese Communists had quietly infiltrated North Korea and were lying in wait. After concealing themselves in the snowy hills, the Chinese -- uncowed and opportunistic -- struck hard, routing the UN forces and forcing them on a long retreat. [|[17]] Calling the Chinese attack the beginning of "an entirely new war," MacArthur repeatedly requested authorization to strike supplies, troops, and airfields in Manchuria. The Truman administration was concerned that such an action would draw the [|Soviet Union] into the conflict and threaten nuclear war.

In April 1951, MacArthur wrote a letter to the Republican leader of the House, Rep Martin disagreeing with President Truman's limited war strategy. Considering this action insubordination, President Truman relieved General MacArthur of his military command, leading to a storm of controversy. General Matthew B. Ridgway replaced MacArthur. The war continued at a stalemate for two additional years with thousands of casualties near the 38th parallel. The Korean War is in fact still an officially active conflict; the DMZ is still heavily defended by both sides, this includes American forces. Return to America MacArthur returned to Washington, D.C. (his first time in the continental U.S. in 11 years), where he made his last public appearance in a farewell address to the [|U.S. Congress], interrupted by thirty ovations. [|[18]] In his closing speech, he recalled: "Old soldiers never die; they just fade away." "And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away — an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. Good-bye."

On his return from Korea, after his relief by Truman, MacArthur encountered massive public adulation, which aroused expectations that he would run for the presidency as a [|Republican] in the [|1952 election]. However, a [|U.S. Senate] Committee investigation of his removal (which largely vindicated the actions taken by President Truman), chaired by [|Richard Russell], contributed to a marked cooling of the public mood, and hopes for a MacArthur presidential run died away. MacArthur, in Reminiscences, repeatedly stated he had no political aspirations. 1952 to death In the 1952 Republican presidential nomination contest, MacArthur was not a candidate and instead endorsed Senator [|Robert Taft] of Ohio; [|[19]] rumors were rife Taft offered the vice presidential nomination to MacArthur. Taft did persuade MacArthur to be the keynote speaker at the convention. The speech was not well received. Taft lost the nomination to Dwight Eisenhower; MacArthur was silent during the campaign, which Eisenhower won by a landslide. Once elected, Eisenhower consulted with MacArthur and adopted his suggestion of threatening the use of nuclear weapons to end the war. [|[20]]

In 1956 U.S. Senator Joseph Martin introduced a proposal to elevate MacArthur to six star rank; however, this caused issues with President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the issue died within the U.S. Senate. MacArthur became head of [|Remington Rand] Corporation and spent the remainder of his life in [|New York]. He made a spectacular "sentimental journey" to the Philippines in [|1961], when he was decorated by President [|Carlos P. Garcia] with the [|Philippine Legion of Honor] , rank of Chief Commander.

President [|John F. Kennedy] solicited MacArthur's counsel in 1961. The first of two meetings was shortly after the [|Bay of Pigs Invasion]. MacArthur was extremely critical of the Pentagon and its military advice to Kennedy. MacArthur also cautioned the young President to avoid a U.S. military build-up in [|Vietnam], pointing out domestic problems should be given a much greater priority. MacArthur Memorial MacArthur's Grave MacArthur and his second wife, Jean Faircloth, spent the last years of their life together in the penthouse of the [|Waldorf-Astoria Hotel]. After his death on April 5th 1964, Jean continued to live in the penthouse until her death. The couple are entombed together in downtown [|Norfolk, Virginia] ; their burial site is in the rotunda of a memorial building/museum (formerly the Norfolk City Hall) dedicated to his memory, and there is a major shopping mall (MacArthur Center) named for him across the street from the memorial. According to the museum, General MacArthur chose to be buried in Norfolk because of his mother's ancestral ties to the city.

MacArthur wanted his family to remember him for more than being a soldier. He said, "By profession I am a soldier and take pride in that fact. But I am prouder—infinitely prouder—to be a father. A soldier destroys in order to build; the father only builds, never destroys. The one has the potentiality of death; the other embodies creation and life. And while the hordes of death are mighty, the battalions of life are mightier still. It is my hope that my son, when I am gone, will remember me not from the battle but in the home repeating with him our simple daily prayer, 'Our Father who art in heaven." [|[21]]

MacArthur's nephew, [|Douglas MacArthur II] (a son of his brother Arthur) served as a diplomat for several years, including the post of Ambassador to Japan and several other countries.

In 1945, MacArthur gave his treasured [|Gold Castles] insignia, a personal possession, to his chief engineer, Major General [|Leif J. Sverdrup]. They are currently worn by the [|Chief of Engineers] as a tradition. Legacy Controversies MacArthur is viewed as a controversial figure. His handling of Japan after World War II led to Japan's economic transformation and was generally applauded. However, the fact he chose to protect some major leaders of the showa regime in World War II is sometimes criticized. Also, his actions during the Korean War remain highly controversial.

His reputation for self-promotion has earned him many detractors. "MacArthur's Communiqué was criticized, ridiculed, or lamented by many. Most critics fail to understand that MacArthur did not write the communiqué for the benefit of the troops, the press or the politicians in Canberra, London and Washington. He wrote it for the American public, whose opinion could influence political forces in decisions of strategic planning and control. He wrote his communiqué to focus the attention of the American people on SWPA and its needs... To interpret the communiqué, and all other aspects of MacArthur's activities, in terms of pure, unrestrained ego is a gross oversimplification and underestimation of the General's complex character and of his intellectual capacity." [|[23]] MacArthur's public pressure campaign to improve Washington's logistical support for the Pacific War was somewhat successful, and combined with the influence of his sometime rival Admiral [|Ernest King], MacArthur's efforts were largely responsible for the increased diversion of resources to the Pacific by 1943. [|[24]]